Unlocking new catalytic pathways with phosphate-zirconia hybrid prepared via the sol-gel method

This study focuses on synthesising a ZrO2–P2O5 xerogel by the sol–gel process and evaluating it as a heterogeneous catalyst for the efficient and environmentally friendly synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one (DHQs), a class of compounds with significant pharmacological relevance. While both oxide materials and their catalytic applications are well established, the originality of our work lies in the rational design of a ZrO2–P2O5 catalyst via a sol–gel co-condensation route. This method enables precise control over the distribution and balance of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites, a level of regulation rarely achieved in conventional oxide systems. Such fine structural control fosters an optimised acid–base synergy that directly enhances catalytic efficiency. Consequently, the material achieves a 93 % yield in only 8 min with minimal catalyst loading and exhibits excellent recyclability, demonstrating both the scientific novelty and practical significance of this approach.