Italy and the Criminal Law of AI: A Map of Legal Scholarship

Italy and the Criminal Law of AI: A Map of Legal Scholarship Criminal law scholarship on AI has rapidly expanded, evolving into a distinct field. Italian doctrine firmly denies criminal liability of AI systems, rooted its arguments in the principle of personal culpability. Scholarship shows two waves: the late 2010s, with general explorations and mostly passive participation in global debates, and post-2020, with deeper, often PhD-driven research. While Italians rely on international work, they publish largely in Italian. This review maps these developments, bridging linguistic and doctrinal gaps.