Prevalence and risk factors of perinatal asphyxia in newborns in Colombia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The findings revealed a notable burden of PA in Colombia and highlighted critical inconsistencies in the diagnostic criteria and reporting practices across studies. These results underscore the urgent need to standardize definitions, strengthen perinatal surveillance systems, and improve obstetric and neonatal care. By identifying major evidence gaps and the most consistent risk factors, this review provides a foundation for future multicenter research and for the development of targeted evidence-based interventions to reduce preventable neonatal morbidity and mortality in Colombia.