Integrated meta-omics reveals AFB1 dose-dependent remodeling of the rumen microbiome-virome-metabolome axis driving metabolic impairment in goats

This study indicates that dietary AFB₁ exposure can alter the ruminal microbial and metabolomic profiles, induce prophage activation, and impact carbohydrate degradation and microbial protein turnover. These alterations may contribute to reductions in ruminal pH and volatile fatty acid concentrations, thereby impairing feed digestibility and animal performance. The findings provide valuable insights into AFB₁'s effects on rumen health, and further investigations of these metabolic pathways may help develop precision interventions to mitigate AFB₁-induced rumen dysfunction and productivity losses. Video Abstract.