Trend analysis of monthly and seasonal temperature in different districts of Hyderabad-Karnataka region

Climate change is a critical global issue, and understanding regional temperature trends is essential for effective mitigation and adaptation strategies.Rising temperatures, driven by climate change and anthropogenic activities, are altering hydrological cycles, weather patterns, and environmental systems (Chi et al., 2023).Over the past few decades, climate change has significantly affected agricultural productivity worldwide (Yadav et al., 2020).Increasing climate variability and frequent extreme weather events have become major challenges for sustainable development and food security (Gregory et al., 2005).Rising temperatures have also intensified evapotranspiration, amplified agricultural droughts and increased crop water demand, which has led to severe water scarcity in several Indian regions (Singh, 2019).To study climatic trends, both parametric and non-parametric statistical methods such as the Mann-Kendall test, Theil-Sen slope estimator, and linear regression have been widely applied (Abdulfattah et al., 2025;Swami, 2024;Sridhara and Pradeep, 2021).The Hyderabad-Karnataka region in southern India exemplifies an area where assessing temperature trends is vital.Understanding these patterns provides critical insights into climate impacts and supports strategies for sustainable development and regional climate adaptation (Kalli and Jena, 2023).The Hyderabad-Karnataka region is the northeastern part of state of Karnataka comprising six districts (Bidar, Kalaburgi, Yadgir, Raichur, Koppal and Bellari) sharing the eastern boundaries with the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and lies between latitudes 1460' to 1830' North and longitudes 7560' to 7770' East.It is now known as Kalyana Karnataka region, renamed in 2019 to move away from its colonial association and reflect a new era of development.The climate of the region is predominantly dry for most of the year, with extremely hot summers reaching temperatures of up to 45C.The hot summer begins in mid-February and lasts until the end of May.The region receives rainfall from both the South-West and North-East monsoons, with an average annual rainfall of 692 mm.Evaporation rates in the region vary significantly, reaching a high of 9.0 mm day -1 during summer and dropping to 1.1 mm day -1 in winter.The temperature data utilized for the current study was sourced from the NASA POWER (https://power.larc.nasa.gov/)database, specifically focusing on average temperature records of six districts (Bidar, Kalaburgi, Yadgir, Raichur, Koppal and Bellari) spanning a period of 42 years, from 1981 to 2022.The raw data was processed and aggregated into monthly and seasonal averages.The seasons were categorised as kharif (June to September), rabi (October to February) and summer (March to May).The long-term temperature trends were analyzed using the non-parametric Mann Kendall test (Mann, 1945;Kendall, 1975).The details of MK test analysis are presented by several workers (Abdulfattah et al., 2025;Swami, 2024).The Mann Kendall trend analysis (Table 1) revealed a