Trend analysis of rainfall and temperature in metropolitan cities of India using Mann-Kendall test

A metropolitan city is a region which includes a major city and its suburbs, which is commonly characterized by its economic, social and cultural influence.Due to rapid urbanization, metropolitan cities attract many people to move to these cities for various reason such as job, education, healthcare, business etc.In 2018, the global rate of urbanization reached 55% and it is projected to 68% of the world's population will live in urban areas that by 2050, (Gupta, 2025).Climatic condition of metropolitan cities tends to change over time due to global climate change and localized anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, industrialization, pollution, rapid population growth etc (Kumar, 2021).Such activities alter land surface characteristics, increase heat absorption, and reduce evapotranspiration, contributing to the urban heat island (UHI) effect, which raises local temperatures, especially during nights (Nichol, 2005).The prolonged high temperature will lead to heatwave and heavy rainfall in a short span of time leads to urban floods and short rainfall leads to water crisis and increased dry period, these events are often occurring in these metropolitan cities and affecting the day today life of people (Matthews et al., 2017).Analysing the long-term climatic pattern is very much important for monitoring climate and policy making (Santhoshkumar et al., 2024).