Orion Aft Side Thermal Protection (XTP) Subsystem - Challenges, Design and Implementation

The European Service Module (ESM) for the Orion spacecraft is equipped with high-thrust engines on its aft side, which generate significant heat loads during prolonged firing. This paper addresses the technical challenges associated with managing these heat loads, including the distribution of heat across the ESM and the selection of appropriate thermal protection technologies. It details the systems implemented to sustain these extreme conditions, focusing on the integration and performance of the thermal protection in the context of the ESM 1 and 2. The discussion highlights key design decisions, lessons learned, and the effectiveness of the chosen solutions in ensuring the thermal integrity of the ESM during mission operations.