Ethnopharmacological Insights Into <i>Chamaelirium luteum</i> (L.) Gray: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Potential

Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray, commonly known as False Unicorn or Fairy Wand, is a perennial herb in the Melanthiaceae family, native to eastern North America. Traditionally used by Native American tribes, it has been especially valued for promoting women's reproductive health. Ethnobotanical records highlight its therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects. Phytochemical investigations have identified bioactive compounds, including steroidal saponins (e.g., diosgenin, ∼2.5% dry weight), phenolic acids (e.g., gallic acid, ∼1.2%), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, ∼0.8%), and lignans, which exhibit anti-tumor, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory activities. Modern applications include managing gynecological disorders, though clinical evidence remains limited. This review critically evaluates the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of C. luteum, integrating traditional knowledge with recent scientific advances (2015-2024) to propose future research directions for its safe and effective use in medicine.