<tt>GASTRO</tt> Library. II. Exploring Chemical Bimodalities in Disk Galaxies with GSE-like Mergers and Massive Star-forming Clumps

Abstract We use several smoothed particle hydrodynamics+ N -body models as part of the GASTRO library to study the role of high-density star-forming clumpy regions and a single merger on the formation of the α -rich and α -poor populations in the disk galaxies. These experiments are tailored to mimic what is expected to be the Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE) accretion event, which occurred circa 10 Gyr ago in the Milky Way (MW). We find that either an early clumpy phase or a retrograde merger significantly reduces the star formation rate (SFR) of the disk, giving rise to a chemical bimodality qualitatively similar to the MW’s. The decrease of the SFR as the cause of the chemical bimodality is consistent with previous idealized and cosmological simulations. On the other hand, a prograde radial merger does not significantly modify the SFR of the disk, resulting in no clear chemical bimodality. We further show that stars originating from the inner regions ( R form &lt; 4 kpc) do not create the disk’s chemical bimodality, although they can enhance it. Finally, only the models with an early clumpy phase can produce a significant fraction of old, age &gt;11 Gyr, α- poor stars with disk-like orbits, similar to what has been recently observed in the MW. Our results strengthen the case of clumpy disky galaxies observed at redshift z ≈ 1–2 as likely progenitors of our Galaxy.

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Journal
The Astrophysical Journal
Published
2026-06-17
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae70fe
Primary Topic
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

<tt>GASTRO</tt> Library. II. Exploring Chemical Bimodalities in Disk Galaxies with GSE-like Mergers and Massive Star-forming Clumps

Nathan Deg, Victor P. Debattista, Lais Borbolato, João A. S. Amarante et al.
The Astrophysical Journal
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
article

<tt>GASTRO</tt> Library. II. Exploring Chemical Bimodalities in Disk Galaxies with GSE-like Mergers and Massive Star-forming Clumps

Nathan Deg, Victor P. Debattista, Lais Borbolato, João A. S. Amarante, Guilherme Limberg, Tigran Khachaturyants, Karl Fiteni, Chengye Cao, Leandro José Beraldo e Silva, Hélio D. Perottoni, Xiaojie Liao, Zhao‐Yu Li, Chervin F. P. Laporte
article en

Abstract

Abstract We use several smoothed particle hydrodynamics+ N -body models as part of the GASTRO library to study the role of high-density star-forming clumpy regions and a single merger on the formation of the α -rich and α -poor populations in the disk galaxies. These experiments are tailored to mimic what is expected to be the Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE) accretion event, which occurred circa 10 Gyr ago in the Milky Way (MW). We find that either an early clumpy phase or a retrograde merger significantly reduces the star formation rate (SFR) of the disk, giving rise to a chemical bimodality qualitatively similar to the MW’s. The decrease of the SFR as the cause of the chemical bimodality is consistent with previous idealized and cosmological simulations. On the other hand, a prograde radial merger does not significantly modify the SFR of the disk, resulting in no clear chemical bimodality. We further show that stars originating from the inner regions ( R form &lt; 4 kpc) do not create the disk’s chemical bimodality, although they can enhance it. Finally, only the models with an early clumpy phase can produce a significant fraction of old, age &gt;11 Gyr, α- poor stars with disk-like orbits, similar to what has been recently observed in the MW. Our results strengthen the case of clumpy disky galaxies observed at redshift z ≈ 1–2 as likely progenitors of our Galaxy.

The Astrophysical JournalVol. 1004(2)
University of Insubria (IT), Universidade de São Paulo (BR), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN), University of Lancashire (GB), University of Malta (MT), Queen's University (CA), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (FR), University of Chicago (US), National Observatory (BR), Universitat de Barcelona (ES), The University of Tokyo (JP)
European Commission, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, National Natural Science Foundation of China, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Yunnan University, National Key Research and Development Program of China
Openalex Percentile: Top 99%
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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