Cognitive Reserve as a Protective Factor for Visuospatial Ability in Healthy Aging

<b>Background</b>: Cognitive Reserve (CR) is a theoretical construct developed to explain individual differences in resilience to age-related cognitive decline. Empirical evidence supports its positive role across multiple cognitive domains. However, behavioral research has primarily focused on areas either vulnerable to aging, such as memory, or relatively preserved, such as language. In contrast, the relationship between CR and task-specific performance in domains like visuospatial processing-a domain critical for everyday functioning-remains underexplored. This study investigates whether CR, as measured by the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq), predicts performance in mental rotation tasks in healthy older adults. <b>Methods</b>: Participants (age 55-85) completed two tasks: (1) a hand laterality task, requiring judgments about whether a rotated hand image (palm or back view) was left or right; and (2) a letter-congruency task, in which participants determined whether simultaneously presented rotated letters were identical or mirror-reversed. <b>Results</b>: Generalized and linear mixed-effects models revealed a protective effect of cognitive reserve, with higher CRIq scores significantly predicting greater accuracy in both tasks. Efficiency benefits (i.e., shorter reaction times) were evident mainly in the easiest conditions, suggesting that CR supports processing resources more effectively under moderate rather than maximal task demands. This pattern indicates that cognitive reserve does not uniformly enhance performance but instead modulates the allocation of cognitive resources in a context-dependent manner. <b>Conclusions</b>: To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a modulatory role of CR on visuospatial abilities in healthy older adults. These findings open new avenues for investigating how CR may differentially affect performance across a broader spectrum of cognitive functions, including attention, executive control, and spatial processing. A better understanding of these mechanisms could inform targeted cognitive interventions to strengthen resilience and promote successful aging.