Using VR and BCI to Improve Communication Between a Cyber-Physical System and an Operator in the Industrial Internet of Things

The Industry 5.0 paradigm places humans and the environment at the center. New communication methods based on virtual reality (VR) and brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) can improve system–operator interaction in multimedia communications, providing immersive environments where operators can more intuitively manage complex systems. The study was conducted through a systematic literature review combined with bibliometric and thematic analyses to map the current landscape of VR-BCI communication frameworks in IIoT environments. The methodology employed included structured resource selection, comparative assessment of interaction modalities, and cross-domain synthesis to identify patterns, gaps, and emerging technology trends. Key challenges identified include reliable signal processing, real-time integration of neural data with immersive interfaces, and the scalability of VR-BCI solutions in industrial applications. The study concludes by outlining future research directions focused on hybrid multimodal interfaces, adaptive cognition-based automation, and standardized protocols for evaluating human–cyber-physical system communication. VR interfaces enable operators to visualize and interact with network data in 3D, improving their monitoring and troubleshooting in real time. By integrating BCI technology, operators can control systems using neural signals, reducing the need for physical input devices and streamlining operation (including touchless technology). BCI-based protocols enable touchless control, which can be particularly useful in situations where operators must multitask, bypassing traditional input methods such as keyboards or mice. VR environments can simulate network conditions, allowing operators to practice and refine their responses to potential problems in a controlled, safe environment. Combining VR with BCI allows for the creation of adaptive interfaces that respond to the operator’s cognitive load, adjusting the complexity of the displayed information based on real-time neural feedback. This integration can lead to more personalized and effective training programs for operators, enhancing their skills and decision-making. VR and BCI-based solutions also have the potential to reduce operator fatigue by enabling more natural and intuitive interaction with complex systems. The use of these advanced technologies in multimedia telecommunications can translate into more efficient, precise, and user-friendly system management, ultimately improving service quality.