Current Rehabilitation and Future Directions of Dysphagia in Parkinson Disease

Dysphagia is a common symptom in patients with Parkinson's disease （PD） that substantially affects quality of life. The pathogenesis of dysphagia in Parkinson's disease mainly involves degeneration and necrosis of central nervous system neurons, dysfunction of neurotransmitters, and deposition of pathological markers in the peripheral system. Rehabilitation assessment include evaluation of swallowing disorder symptoms （screening scales, clinical evaluation methods, instrument evaluation） and evaluation of pathological changes （brain function evaluation based on imaging technology, metabolic evaluation）. Rehabilitation therapy runs through the entire process of Parkinson's disease, in parallel with drug therapy and surgical treatment. The methods mainly include behavioral therapy, instrument assisted therapy, neural regulation, local injection, and nutritional intervention. Due to the difficulty of early diagnosis, complex pathological mechanisms, and the current inability of animal models to simulate dysphagia in Parkinson's disease, the precise rehabilitation of dysphagia in Parkinson's disease still need to combine further basic mechanism research with large sample clinical study. This article is summarized the pathogenesis, rehabilitation assessment, treatment, basic and clinical research, and future directions of dysphagia in Parkinson's disease, in order to provide a basis for early diagnosis, standardized prevention and treatment of dysphagia in Parkinson's disease.