Palpation versus hand‑held Doppler for identifying lower‑limb peripheral arteries: Time‑efficiency and reliability in healthy adults

In healthy adults, palpation enables faster identification of dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses, whereas the deeper anterior tibial artery is consistently detected only with Doppler. Doppler‑derived PSV shows excellent reproducibility even among novice examiners. These findings provide methods-level evidence to inform protocol design and training; validation in patient populations is required before any workflow recommendations.