Silviculture alternatives evaluation for managing complex Quercus pyrenaica Willd. stands

Aim of study: Despite its potential in the wood industry, Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) has suffered from traditional use as firewood and the lack of profitable management guidelines, leading to the deterioration of its stands. This study explores the effects of different silvicultural scenarios on transforming regular coppice stands into irregular high forests and managing irregular stands sustainably. Area of study: Castile and Leon (Spain), where Pyrenean oak stands are widespread and play a critical ecological and potential economic role. Material and methods: Data were collected from pure coppice Pyrenean oak stands across the Castile and Leon region. Silvicultural scenarios were simulated using the SIMANFOR forest management simulator, incorporating various thinning intensities and periodicities to evaluate forest development and timber production. Main results: Intensive silviculture resulted in higher timber production. However, selective and continuous thinning based on Pro Silva guidelines effectively promoted the establishment and maintenance of high irregular forests, offering a sustainable alternative. Research highlights: While numerical predictions may involve some bias, observed trends under different management guidelines allow them to be ranked according to management objectives. Skilled managers are essential to adapt thinning periodicity and intensity to the local conditions, considering the heterogeneity of the stands.