Trends in the epidemiology of systemic endemic mycoses in Latin America

The changing epidemiology and diagnostic challenges of coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis in Latin America are reviewed. The agents responsible for these three systemic endemic mycoses are dimorphic fungi from the Onygenales order, all of which are classified as World Health Organization fungal priority pathogens. However, the mycoses they cause span a notable diversity of contrasting etiologies, target populations, geographic distributions, and factors (including climate changes) that determine their incidence. New, updated maps are presented that reflect the current geographical distributions of these systemic endemic mycoses within Latin America, and the epidemiological dynamics that gave rise to them.