Microbial metabolites from gut bacteria as novel anti-cancer agents

Recent evidence highlights the potential of gut microbial metabolites as promising anticancer agents, with mechanisms distinct from those of conventional chemotherapeutics. Short-chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate, exhibit histone deacetylase inhibitory activity, leading to apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in colorectal and breast cancers. Reuterin, a redox-active metabolite of <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>, selectively induces oxidative stress and suppresses tumo growth <i>in vivo</i>. Likewise, secondary bile acids such as lithocholic acid demonstrate dose-dependent antineoplastic properties, while inosine has been shown to potentiate PD-1 blockade efficacy by enhancing T-cell activation. Additionally, bacteriocins derived from lactic acid bacteria reveal selective cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory effects, representing biocompatible therapeutic scaffolds. The novelty of these metabolites lies in their ability to target epigenetic, metabolic, and immune pathways simultaneously, offering a multidimensional approach to tumor control. Harnessing these microbial molecules through synthetic optimization, delivery innovations, and integrative clinical trials could revolutionize cancer therapeutics by merging microbiome science with precision oncology.