Sensor and Module Development for the CMS Phase-2 Tracker Upgrade

The CMS Phase-2 tracker upgrade relies on a new generation of silicon sensors and modules designed to perform reliably under the extreme conditions at the HL-LHC. This contribution provides an overview of the R&D, prototyping, and pre-production phases for both pixel and strip detector modules. We discuss sensor technology choices, front-end hybrid development, and innovations in powering and readout architectures. Emphasis is placed on performance validation through laboratory testing and beam campaigns, as well as the scaling up to industrialized production and the strategies adopted for quality assurance and integration into larger structures. The progress and lessons learned during module construction and early integration are presented, with a focus on meeting the demanding requirements for data rates, radiation hardness, material budget, and long-term reliability.