Surface Uplift Induced by Groundwater Level Variations Revealed Using MT-InSAR Time-Series Observations

By altering aquifer storage capacity, groundwater level (GWL) plays a critical role in driving surface deformation, including ground subsidence and uplift. Groundwater depletion can induce sinkholes or subsidence, whereas recharge can cause surface uplift. These processes pose significant risks to soft grounds composed of soft alluvial sediments, emphasizing the importance of regular monitoring. In this study, we applied the small baseline subset (SBAS) technique to conduct a time-series analysis of surface deformation in Gimhae City, South Korea, where a continuous GWL increase was observed. Seasonal trend decomposition using the Loess (STL) method was employed to isolate the long-term GWL trend by removing seasonal variability. Multi-frequency synthetic aperture radar datasets, including ALOS PALSAR, COSMO-SkyMed, and Sentinel-1, revealed a cumulative surface uplift of approximately 9.2 cm, primarily concentrated along the deepest GWL contour line and confined between two lineament structures. The decomposed velocities from Sentinel-1 highlighted the predominance of vertical displacement over horizontal movement. Time-series analyses consistently showed uplift patterns, whereas correlation analysis demonstrated a strong relationship (R2 > 0.75) between surface deformation and GWL changes from 2013 to 2021. These results suggest a significant link between surface uplift and the rising GWL in Gimhae City, providing insights into the hydrogeological processes that influence ground deformation. Furthermore, a time lag between the GWL changes and surface displacement was identified, providing valuable insights into the dynamics of groundwater-related surface deformation.