An urban resilience-oriented GIS framework for balancing heritage conservation and urban development: the case of the Sui-Tang Luoyang City site

Recent research has increasingly recognised heritage as a dynamic and adaptive system; however, limited attention has been paid to its role in shaping urban resilience. This study contributes to this underexplored area by developing a GIS-based framework that embeds heritage as one of the core components of the urban system. Using the Sui–Tang Luoyang City in China as a case study, the framework applies archaeological, historical, elevation, and natural and anthropogenic hazard data to the three dimensions of urban resilience—persistence, adaptability, and transformability. The framework identified 102 high-potential heritage areas to strengthen urban persistence, produced a four-tier vulnerability classification to enhance urban adaptability, and delineated four governance categories with sixteen subzones to support diversified conservation–development pathways, improving urban transformability. This approach provides a replicable model for heritage-rich, rapidly urbanizing regions in China and beyond, fostering proactive, adaptive, and governance-integrated planning for heritage-sensitive urban resilience.