Effects of Bisphenol-A on human endocrine function and health outcomes: a review

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical prevalent in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, commonly found in consumer goods including food containers and water bottles. Widespread human exposure to BPA, often evidenced by its presence in over 90% of tested urine samples, has raised considerable public health concerns. Notably, BPA functions as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), interfering with hormone activity by mimicking or blocking estrogen and other hormonal pathways. This review synthesizes current scientific insights into BPA’s physiological effects, particularly its impact on hormone receptors, brain development, metabolic pathways, and reproductive health. BPA’s estrogenic effects are evident across various organ systems, influencing gene expression and cellular responses, with developing brains especially vulnerable. Even low-dose exposure, comparable to everyday human levels, can lead to measurable biological changes, including epigenetic modifications with potential transgenerational implications. Studies also suggest that BPA contributes to obesity, insulin resistance, and neurobehavioral disorders, with emerging research indicating that substitutes like BPS and BPF may pose similar risks. Regulatory approaches vary internationally, and while some nations have restricted BPA in infant-related products, broader regulatory consensus is lacking. This review underscores the importance of further evaluating BPA substitutes and adopting comprehensive public health strategies to mitigate exposure. Understanding the multifaceted effects of BPA is critical for advancing endocrine health protection and informing evidence-based regulatory decisions.