From law to social change: examining the behavioural effects of legal reforms in Saudi Arabia

Abstract This study examines the impact of recent legal reforms in Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 on public behaviour, attitudes, and perceptions, particularly regarding gender inclusion, civic engagement, and economic participation. The research aims to understand how individuals internalise state-led reforms within a conservative, Shari’ah-based socio-legal context. A mixed-methods design was employed, combining quantitative surveys ( n = 600), semi-structured interviews (n = 30), and qualitative document analysis. Survey instruments were validated through expert review and pilot testing (Cronbach’s α = 0.906), and data were analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and regression analysis. Thematic analysis of interviews followed Braun and Clarke’s method, supported by NVivo software ( κ = 0.82). The study integrated Western behavioural models (Theory of Planned Behaviour, Social Learning Theory) with Islamic legal principles (e.g., maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah) to examine behavioural dynamics in a culturally grounded framework. The findings reveal a positive shift in behavioural intentions and social attitudes, particularly among younger and female participants, who reported increased autonomy, civic awareness, and optimism about the reforms. However, actual behavioural changes varied across regions and age groups, with some resistance observed in rural or tribal areas. Qualitative narratives reflected both support for reforms and lingering ambivalence tied to identity, tradition, and religious interpretation. The integration of Islamic legal values enhanced the legitimacy of reforms and moderated cognitive dissonance among conservative groups. This study contributes to the literature on legal consciousness and behavioural reform by offering a culturally contextualised analysis of how legal change is internalised in conservative societies. It is among the first to synthesise Western behavioural theories with Islamic jurisprudence to explain reform dynamics in the Gulf region. The research provides actionable insights for policymakers seeking to implement socially resonant legal transformations.