Voyage to the Frozen Continent: A Comprehensive GNSS Dataset from a Ship’s Expedition to Antarctica

This paper presents a unique 200-day dataset of raw GNSS single-frequency L1 receiver measurements collected aboard a research vessel during a continuous Antarctic expedition from October 7, 2024, to April 24, 2025. The dataset comprises daily-segmented binary UBX files containing multi-constellation L1-band observations, including position and time (UBX-NAV-PVT), satellite metadata (UBX-NAV-SAT), RF front-end diagnostics (UBX-MON-RF), FFT results of the received signal spectrum (UBX-MON-SPAN), raw satellite pseudorange and carrier-phase data (UBX-RXM-MEASX), and intermittent Galileo SAR return-link messages (UBX-RXM-RLM). Files are organized by UTC date to streamline batch parsing and maintain file sizes under ≈ 600 MB. Synchronized receiver state metrics and high-resolution spectrum waterfalls allow for a detailed characterization of multipath propagation, the consequences of unintentional interference from ground systems, and intentional jamming conditions in all types of maritime environments, from Mediterranean to polar regions. This dataset facilitates GNSS performance modeling, enables diverse radio-frequency interference analysis, and allows for antenna performance characterization in harsh marine environments. Furthermore, it aids in resilient PNT algorithm development for autonomous vessels and assists in benchmarking Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning in low signal-to-noise and dynamic motion scenarios.