DNA damage and oxidative stress induced by lambda-cyhalothrin versus nano lambda-cyhalothrin in rats

The effects of conventional lambada–cyhalothrin (LC) insecticide versus nano lambada–cyhalothrin (NLC) preparations on DNA and oxidative status of Sprague–Dawley male rats were evaluated. Rats were administered 4 and 1 mg/kg b.w of LC and N LC, respectively, by oral gavage for 12 weeks. The oxidative capacity analysis, tumor necrosis factor test, and DNA damage using the comet assay investigated. The results revealed a significant decrease in the antioxidant enzyme SOD, accompanied by an up-regulation of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). NLC-treated rats revealed a significant increase in DNA damage in blood and liver samples. Histopathological examination of liver and brain tissues revealed structural alterations and cellular degeneration in exposed rats. These findings emphasize the urgent need for rigorous evaluation and regulation of nano-formulations before their widespread agricultural use. Nano-pesticides, despite their improved efficiency, can enhance bioavailability and induce oxidative and genotoxic stress, raising concerns for human and environmental health.