Three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Quad Zygomatic, Transnasal and Pterygoid Implants for Rehabilitation of Patients with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla

According to the results of our study, the use of transnasal implants with zygomatic implants presents a method as an alternative to quad zygoma protocol. Additionally, in the model supported by pterygoid implants, the absence of cantilevers resulted in reduced stresses on the bone, implant, abutment, and prosthetic framework. We recommend the application of pterygoid implants alongside zygomatic and transnasal implants for long-term success and the prevention of biomechanical complications in the rehabilitation of severely atrophic maxilla.