Bacillus subtilis as a powerful weapon in the removal of environmental pollutants

Bacillus subtilis, renowned as the second most studied microorganism after Escherichia coli, has long been recognized for its pivotal role in biological control. Growing evidence suggests that it also contributes significantly to the biodegradation of organic pollutants. This review summarizes the diverse applications of B. subtilis in biodegradation and delves into the metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying its efficient degradation of a range of environmental contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, dyes, drugs, and low molecular weight aromatic compounds, among others. Owing to its robust degradative capacity and functional versatility, B. subtilis has garnered attention as a promising candidate for sustainable and integrated pollution management strategies. The insights gathered herein are expected to provide a useful reference for future practical applications and broader adoption.