Integrating bile acid metabolism into precision nutrition strategies for improved swine performance

Maintaining optimal physiological conditions in pigs requires a precise nutrient supply, encompassing the digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion of carbohydrates, fats, dietary fiber, and proteins. Precision feeding aims to maximize economic and environmental benefits by delivering the appropriate feed composition and quantity to individual pigs or groups, aligned with their specific nutrient needs. Bile acid (BA) metabolism plays a crucial role in nutrient digestion, absorption, and metabolic regulation in pigs. This review explores the biochemical mechanisms of BA metabolism, its interactions with gut microbiota, and its influence on carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and fiber metabolism. The modulation of BA metabolism through precision nutrition strategies-such as dietary fat adjustments, BA supplementation, and the inclusion of prebiotics and probiotics - can enhance nutrient utilization, promote gut health, and improve feed efficiency. Furthermore, BA metabolism significantly impacts pig growth, reproductive performance, and gastrointestinal health, making it a key target for dietary interventions in both young pigs and breeding sows. By integrating precision nutrition strategies that regulate BA metabolism, swine production systems can achieve better feed conversion efficiency, reduce environmental waste, and enhance overall animal resilience. This review underscores the central role of BA metabolism in swine nutrition and its potential as a key target for precision feeding strategies. Leveraging BA metabolism to optimize nutrient absorption, modulate gut microbiota composition, and enhance overall pig performance provides valuable insights for advancing precision nutrition and feed development in swine production.