Performance enhancement of photovoltaic systems using a North–South single-axis solar tracker in Lebanon

Because of its scalability, adaptability, and zero-emission operation, photovoltaic (PV) technology has become a key component of sustainable energy production. However, due to the inability to consistently align with the sun's path, traditional fixed-tilt systems frequently perform poorly, reducing the amount of energy that may be produced. Through developing an affordable tracking system that optimizes sun exposure and promotes the use of renewable energy in Lebanon, this project seeks to improve the performance of PV panels. In contrast to conventional fixed systems, the suggested design presents a North-South Polar Parallel Single-Axis Solar Tracking (NS-SAST) system that combines low-cost Arduino implementation with open-loop control. The strategy strikes a compromise between performance, price, and ease of use, which makes it ideal for local renewable energy deployment. A comparison of fixed and NS-SAST systems' performance was evaluated using MATLAB simulations. A physical prototype with an Arduino-based controller was built using the simulation as a guide. The tracking system maintains a constant tilt angle between the rotational axis and the horizontal plane, while dynamically adjusting the panel orientation in real time using established solar position algorithms. To assess long-term viability, cost and emission reduction evaluations were also conducted. At the ideal annual tilt of 28° for Beirut, experimental validation revealed that the NS-SAST system enhanced energy output by almost 36 % in comparison to fixed systems. The system's economic viability and potential to lower emissions were further validated by cost and environmental analyses. • NS-SAST boosts PV output by 36 % compared to fixed-tilt systems. • MATLAB and prototype tests validate the tracking system's performance. • Arduino-based control ensures low-cost, real-time solar tracking. • Design proves both economically feasible and environmentally viable. • Supports broader renewable energy adoption in Lebanon.