Global, regional, and national burden of bladder cancer from 1990 to 2021 with projections to 2050: insights from the global burden of disease study and Mendelian randomization analysis

Despite a gradual decline in mortality and incidence, bladder cancer continues to impose a substantial health burden, particularly among males and in high-SDI regions. Smoking and high fasting glucose are key modifiable risk factors. Sustained prevention and resource allocation are essential to mitigate the rising absolute burden in aging populations.