On the best constants in Khintchine type inequalities for martingales

For discrete martingale-difference sequences <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="d equals StartSet d 1 comma ellipsis comma d Subscript n Baseline EndSet"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo> … </mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d=\{d_1,\ldots ,d_n\}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> we consider Khintchine type inequalities, involving certain square function <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="German upper S left-parenthesis d right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="fraktur">S</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak S(d)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> introduced by Chang-Wilson-Wolff [Comment. Math. Helv. 60 (1985), pp. 217–246]. In particular, we prove <disp-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-vertical-bar sigma-summation Underscript k equals 1 Overscript n Endscripts d Subscript k Baseline double-vertical-bar Subscript p Baseline less-than-or-equal-to 2 Superscript 1 slash 2 Baseline left-parenthesis normal upper Gamma left-parenthesis left-parenthesis p plus 1 right-parenthesis slash 2 right-parenthesis right-parenthesis slash StartRoot pi EndRoot right-parenthesis Superscript 1 slash p Baseline double-vertical-bar German upper S left-parenthesis d right-parenthesis double-vertical-bar Subscript normal infinity Baseline comma p greater-than-or-equal-to 3 comma"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo symmetric="true">‖</mml:mo> <mml:munderover> <mml:mo> ∑ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:munderover> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo symmetric="true">‖</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> ≤ </mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mstyle scriptlevel="0"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mstyle> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Γ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi> π </mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> <mml:msup> <mml:mstyle scriptlevel="0"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mstyle> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> ‖ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="fraktur">S</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> ‖ </mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∞ </mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mspace width="1em"/> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ≥ </mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{equation*} \left \|\sum _{k=1}^nd_k\right \|_p\le 2^{1/2}\big (\Gamma ((p+1)/2))/\sqrt {\pi }\big )^{1/p}\|{\mathfrak S}(d)\|_\infty ,\quad p\ge 3, \end{equation*}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </disp-formula> where the constant on the right hand side is optimal and matches the one known for Rademacher sums <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="sigma-summation Underscript k equals 1 Overscript n Endscripts a Subscript k Baseline r Subscript k"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:munderover> <mml:mo> ∑ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi>

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Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
Published
2025-12-02
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1090/proc/17420
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Advanced Harmonic Analysis Research
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article

On the best constants in Khintchine type inequalities for martingales

Grigori Artashesovich Karagulyan
Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
Advanced Harmonic Analysis Research
article

On the best constants in Khintchine type inequalities for martingales

Grigori Artashesovich Karagulyan
article en

Abstract

For discrete martingale-difference sequences <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="d equals StartSet d 1 comma ellipsis comma d Subscript n Baseline EndSet"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo> … </mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d=\{d_1,\ldots ,d_n\}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> we consider Khintchine type inequalities, involving certain square function <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="German upper S left-parenthesis d right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="fraktur">S</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak S(d)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> introduced by Chang-Wilson-Wolff [Comment. Math. Helv. 60 (1985), pp. 217–246]. In particular, we prove <disp-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-vertical-bar sigma-summation Underscript k equals 1 Overscript n Endscripts d Subscript k Baseline double-vertical-bar Subscript p Baseline less-than-or-equal-to 2 Superscript 1 slash 2 Baseline left-parenthesis normal upper Gamma left-parenthesis left-parenthesis p plus 1 right-parenthesis slash 2 right-parenthesis right-parenthesis slash StartRoot pi EndRoot right-parenthesis Superscript 1 slash p Baseline double-vertical-bar German upper S left-parenthesis d right-parenthesis double-vertical-bar Subscript normal infinity Baseline comma p greater-than-or-equal-to 3 comma"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo symmetric="true">‖</mml:mo> <mml:munderover> <mml:mo> ∑ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:munderover> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo symmetric="true">‖</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> ≤ </mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mstyle scriptlevel="0"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mstyle> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Γ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi> π </mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> <mml:msup> <mml:mstyle scriptlevel="0"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mstyle> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> ‖ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="fraktur">S</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> ‖ </mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∞ </mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mspace width="1em"/> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ≥ </mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{equation*} \left \|\sum _{k=1}^nd_k\right \|_p\le 2^{1/2}\big (\Gamma ((p+1)/2))/\sqrt {\pi }\big )^{1/p}\|{\mathfrak S}(d)\|_\infty ,\quad p\ge 3, \end{equation*}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </disp-formula> where the constant on the right hand side is optimal and matches the one known for Rademacher sums <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="sigma-summation Underscript k equals 1 Overscript n Endscripts a Subscript k Baseline r Subscript k"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:munderover> <mml:mo> ∑ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi>

Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
Yerevan State University (AM)
Openalex Percentile: Top 49%
Advanced Harmonic Analysis Research
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