Assessment of water quality and associated health risks in community-managed water systems in highland areas: A case study Chiang Rai province, Thailand

However, a positive correlation was observed between total coliform presence and reported diarrhea cases. The findings underscore the urgent need for improved water treatment practices, animal excreta management, ecological systems, and government interventions to ensure access to a safe water supply for highland communities in Thailand, which are under the one health concept. However, it highlights the need to focus on water quality, as in SDG 6 ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.