Healthcare utilization patterns in Indonesia: insights from the 2023 National Socio-economic Survey

Unmet need for health services in Indonesia has increased significantly, reaching 6.09 % and representing the highest rate observed over the past 5 years. The number of people who have health complaints but do not access health services will certainly affect the degree of public health. This study investigates patterns of outpatient and inpatient healthcare utilization in Indonesia This was a cross-sectional study using data from the 2023 National Socio-Economic Survey. The analysis included respondents aged ≥ 19 years 211,583 for outpatient services and 806,982 for inpatient services. Univariate, bivariate chi-square, and multivariate log-binomial regression analyses were conducted to identify determinants of healthcare utilization, including demographic, socioeconomic, and regional factors. Outpatient services were utilized by 34.0 % of respondents, while inpatient services were utilized by 3.6 %. Outpatient services were predominantly used by elderly individuals (aged ≥ 60 years), whereas inpatient services were more commonly utilized by those with health complaints. The study underscores the importance of targeted health education initiatives and government-sponsored screening programs to address healthcare disparities and promote early detection of health issues. By improving awareness and equitable healthcare access, these efforts can contribute to effective health management and better public health outcomes