Post-vagus nerve stimulation mood and cognitive burden in dual epileptic–functional seizure patients

Dual-diagnosis patients exhibited higher seizure reporting after VNS therapy compared to those without VNS and higher depressive burden compared to patients with ES alone, patterns that may reflect the underlying severity of FS-related comorbidity. These exploratory results support careful pre-implant counselling and highlight the need for prospective studies with baseline assessments to clarify outcomes in this complex population.