The Ohrid Trout: A “Living Fossil” Endemic to Lake Ohrid Left Behind by Science

The Ohrid trout (Salmo letnica) is a species endemic to Lake Ohrid (shared by Albania and North Macedonia), which is internationally recognized for its geological longevity and unique natural features. Given that the species has distinctive biological, ecological, and evolutionary characteristics, as well as significant economic value, the decline in this trout’s population is a serious and urgent problem, deserving continuous, scientifically based management. Yet, although it is considered a “Fossil Trout”, research on this species remains limited in relation to science and conservation. To understand the current state of the art, we conducted a systematic review in Web of Science, analyzing 31 indexed articles about the Ohrid trout. These studies primarily focused on the seasonal morphological characteristics of specific organs, phylogenetics, and, to a lesser extent, the impacts of environmental contamination. However, notable gaps exist in understanding sex- and stage-specific physiology, morphotype diversity, and pollutant bioaccumulation. To address these limitations, integrative strategies that combine multi-omics biomarker development, genetic screening of broodstock, and systematic monitoring of pollution and climate-related stressors are crucial. Regional authorities should work with international organizations to establish long-term monitoring of S. letnica. This review aims to provide a critical foundation for overcoming the “Living Fossil Left Behind by Science” paradigm and to foster global initiatives to preserve the long-term survival and evolutionary legacy of this endangered species.