The reproductive toxicity of aggregation-induced emission nanoparticles on mouse ovarian function

Luminogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIEgens) have attracted increasing attention for biomedical applications, prompting concerns regarding their potential toxicity. Although some studies have reported the <i>in vivo</i> toxicity of AIEgens, their reproductive effects remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, we investigated the reproductive toxicity of a representative AIEgen, TPA-BT, encapsulated into nanoparticles (NPs), with a particular focus on ovarian function in mice. Oocyte maturation rates <i>in vitro</i>, body weight, and organ coefficients were evaluated following TPA-BT NPs exposure. Furthermore, oocyte apoptosis and serum hormone levels were examined. TPA-BT NPs significantly reduced oocyte maturation in a concentration-dependent manner. <i>In vivo</i>, high concentrations induced ovarian cell apoptosis, suppressed estrogen receptor (ERα and ERβ) expression, and disrupted anti-Müllerian hormone secretion, ultimately impairing reproductive function. These findings provide critical insights into the reproductive toxicity of AIEgens and establish a foundation for further mechanistic investigations to ensure their safe application in the biomedical field.