Liver single-nucleus multiome profiling reveals cell-type mechanisms for cardiometabolic traits

The liver is a central regulator of cardiometabolic physiology, coordinating processes such as lipid and glucose metabolism, protein synthesis, and detoxification. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified hundreds of genetic variants associated with cardiometabolic traits, yet their molecular mechanisms in liver cell types remain unclear. Using multiome gene expression and accessible chromatin sequencing on liver samples from 39 individuals, we profiled gene expression and chromatin accessibility in 68,398 nuclei across six primary liver cell types. We identified 306,706 accessible chromatin regions, including 70,884 regions that were undetected in bulk tissue analyses and predominantly represent less abundant cell types. To identify genetic effects on gene regulation in liver cell types, we mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and detected 1,885 chromatin accessibility QTLs (caQTLs) and 67 expression QTLs (eQTLs). We integrated cell-type QTLs with GWAS signals and revealed cell types, genes, and chromatin regulatory elements involved in cardiometabolic traits, such as liver enzyme and cholesterol levels. Non-hepatocyte cell-type QTL analyses exposed previously obscured mechanisms, such as an eQTL for ADAMTS12 in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells potentially involved in liver fibrosis, demonstrating that single-nucleus approaches can capture regulatory events missed in bulk analyses. Furthermore, we predicted the cell type of action for bulk liver caQTLs colocalized with GWAS signals, enhancing mechanistic insights for complex trait associations. Our findings provide a high-resolution map of the hepatic regulatory landscape and advance the understanding of cellular contexts and molecular mechanisms underlying cardiometabolic traits.