Problem-solving Techniques and Tools for Computer Programming at Higher Education: A Review

Objectives: Computer programming is essential in today’s world, yet it remains challenging to teach and learn, especially for novices. Problem-solving skills are a core predictor of programming success. This review examines how problem-solving practices can enhance programming education. Methods: The review synthesizes findings from 37 research studies focused on problem-solving in context to programming education published between 2018 to 2025. The selected studies were analysed and classified into two categories: instructional techniques and supporting tools. The review also examines how these categories intersect to enhance students’ problem-solving abilities in programming. Findings: The analysis identified several effective instructional approaches for enhancing problem-solving abilities in programming education, including problem-based learning, puzzle-based learning, game-based learning, flowchart-based learning, and mind mapping. A variety of educational tools were identified to support the implementation of these techniques. A key contribution of this review is the establishment of explicit relationships between these pedagogical techniques and the corresponding tools, offering a novel framework for instructional design in programming education. However, most studies emphasized short-term learning outcomes, with limited exploration of long-term retention, scalability, or suitability for advanced learners. Drawing on these insights, the review provides practical recommendations for educators to effectively develop students' foundational programming and problem-solving skills. It also highlights research gaps and suggests directions for future studies in programming education. Novelty: This review introduces an original framework by mapping specific problem-solving techniques to associated educational tools, offering actionable guidance for improving instructional practices in programming education through targeted strategy-tool integration. Keywords: Computer Programming, Programming Competency, Problem-solving, Problem-solving Techniques, Problem-solving Tools