Histopathological and radiographic characteristics of central giant cell granulomas: a retrospective study of 45 cases

The aim of this study is to contribute to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of the clinical, radiological, and histopathological features of central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) cases. The study included 45 cases (30 females, 15 males) of CGCG, with a mean age of 36.6 years. Radiological evaluations were conducted using panoramic imaging and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Data on clinical presentations, radiographic findings, histopathological features, and treatment modalities were analyzed to assess key patterns and variations. A total of 45 cases (30 female, 15 male) of CGCG were analyzed, with the majority of lesions affecting the posterior regions of the mandible. The most common radiographic features included unilocular lesions, borders that were partly well-defined with a scalloped margin, mixed density with internal trabecula, wispy septa, and cortical bone perforation. Swelling and pain were reported in 60% and 17% of the cases, respectively. Enucleation and curettage were mostly preferred as a treatment option while intralesional corticosteroid injections were done in eight cases. Although no statistically significant differences were observed between aggressive and non-aggressive CGCG in the histopathologically evaluated parameters, the aggressive type showed a slight tendency to have a higher number of giant cells and nuclei, along with mildly increased inflammatory infiltration. CBCT imaging was more effective in evaluating extent of the lesion, internal architecture, and cortical involvement, revealing a relatively high prevalence of cortical bone perforation and root resorption. These findings underscore the importance of integrating CBCT with clinical, radiographic, and histopathological data to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective management of CGCG.