Divergence in Labour Force Growth in Open Economies: Should Wages and Prices Grow Faster in Germany?

Abstract We develop a model which shows that wages, prices, and the real per-capita income should grow more rapidly in open economies with low labour force growth. Otherwise, their trade partners experience rising unemployment and/or trade deficits. We apply this framework to Germany, which has exhibited modest labour force growth, except at the moment of reunification. Goods being differentiated by country of origin (Armington’s hypothesis), low labour force growth limits German production and should lead to rising prices and wages relative to other countries. This mechanism is magnified by the low price elasticity of demand for German goods. Hence, German wage moderation could constrain other countries’ policy options. Simulations using an extended version of the model suggest that (i) disparities in labour force growth have had a significant impact on unemployment within the Eurozone, potentially contributing to the severe economic crisis faced by Southern European countries between 2010 and 2015, and (ii) the demographic shock following reunification could explain a large part of the German economic challenges from 1995 to 2005.