Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes: Emerging regulators of cardiac microvascular ischemia/reperfusion injury (Review)

Ischemic heart disease remains the leading cause of global disease burden among cardiovascular disorders. In addition to cardiomyocyte injury, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced microvascular damage plays a crucial role in determining tissue dysfunction and overall prognosis. Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs), specialized contact sites between the ER and mitochondria, are now recognized as key regulators of cardiovascular pathophysiology. The present review summarized current knowledge of the structure of MAMs and their effects on endothelial cells under hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions. Particular attention was given to their role in regulating mitochondrial quality control processes, including fission, fusion, oxidative stress, mitophagy and Ca2+ homeostasis, within the context of cardiac microvascular I/R injury. Targeting MAMs may represent a promising strategy for microvascular protection in ischemic heart disease.