Cytotoxic Effects of <i>Crassocephalum crepidioides</i> Leaf Extract on T47D Cells: A Network Pharmacology Approach

Crassocephalum crepidioides, locally known as Sintrong, is a medicinal plant extensively utilized in traditional Southeast Asian medicine. Despite the potential, its pharmacological properties, particularly anticancer effects, remain insufficiently studied. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of Crassocephalum crepidioides ethyl acetate leaf fraction on T47D luminal breast cancer cells and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through an integrated experimental and network pharmacology approach. Phytochemical screening and MTT cytotoxicity assays were conducted on the ethyl acetate fraction. Computational analyses included target prediction using SwissTargetPrediction, protein-protein interaction (PPI) mapping with STRING, and functional enrichment analysis through WebGestalt. The results showed that the extract had significant cytotoxicity, with EC₅₀ value of 28.07 ± 0.67 μg/mL, comparable to doxorubicin. Phytochemical profiling revealed a high abundance of alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics. In addition, network pharmacology analysis identified 3 major compounds predicted to target PTGS1 (COX-1), PPARA (PPAR-α), and CNR2 (CB2). Enrichment analysis implicated pathways related to cancer, including PPAR signalling and the modulation of inflammatory responses. These results suggest that anticancer effects of Sintrong involve a novel multi-target mechanism associated with lipid metabolism and the endocannabinoid system, exhibiting selective toxicity toward cancer cells. This current study provides comprehensive scientific validation of Sintrong's potential as a source of anticancer agents for luminal breast cancer. However, further studies are necessary to isolate active compounds, evaluate in vivo efficacy and safety, and explore potential synergistic effects with conventional therapies.