Antibiotic Resistance Profiles in Septicaemia: A Retrospective Study of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative

Septicaemia, a severe systemic inflammatory response caused by bloodstream bacterial infection, is frequently associated with gram-negative bacteria and high morbidity and mortality. Antibiotic resistance complicates treatment, necessitating research on resistance patterns to guide empirical therapy. This study aimed to investigate the aetiology of septicaemia and its associated antibiotic resistance patterns in patients at PKU Muhammadiyah Surakarta Hospital, Indonesia. A retrospective analysis of patients treated for bacterial infections (January–December 2022) was conducted using blood culture and antibiotic therapy data. Bacterial susceptibility was assessed via the BacT/Alert Blood Culture System, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Among 51 patients, 51% were male, and 84.3% were aged >65 years. Comorbidities included diabetes mellitus (15.7%) and hypertension (9.8%), with a mortality rate of 58.8%. Gram-positive bacteria predominated (66.7%), primarily Staphylococcus aureus (49.0%), while gram-negative bacteria accounted for 33.3%, predominantly Escherichia coli (13.7%). S. aureus showed resistance to 17 antibiotics but remained susceptible to imipenem and vancomycin; E. coli exhibited significant multidrug resistance. These findings highlight the prevalence of Gram-positive pathogens and substantial Gram-negative resistance in septicaemia, underscoring the need for targeted antibiotic strategies to improve outcomes and combat resistance.