Challenges in Collaborative Domestic Emergency Management in Canada: Stakeholders' Perspectives on the Role of the Military

ABSTRACT Research examining the complexities and operational structures of civil–military coordination within large‐scale disaster response frameworks in Canada remains scant. This study addresses this gap by critically evaluating existing civil–military coordination mechanisms, identifying systemic deficiencies, and proposing evidence‐based strategic improvements to effectively manage future major emergencies. To this end, we employ a qualitative approach comprising key informant interviews (KIIs) and a focus group discussion (FGD) with participants from military, federal, provincial, municipal, and nongovernmental organizations to understand the functions and institutional roles of civilian authorities and the Canadian Armed Forces (CAFs) in recent mega‐disasters in Canada. The findings reveal pronounced institutional gaps, including ambiguous delineation of roles and responsibilities, fragmented command structures, and inconsistent communication protocols between civilian and military authorities and stakeholders. These coordination issues are compounded by insufficient joint training and preparedness initiatives, resulting in further operational inefficiencies and delays. To improve collaboration, operational effectiveness, and positive crisis‐response outcomes, stakeholders recommend establishing clear doctrinal guidelines, formalizing interagency coordination structures, and developing comprehensive joint training programs.