Comparative astigmatic accuracy and optical quality of SMILE, FS-LASIK, and TICL in mild-to-moderate myopia with ≥1.00 D astigmatism

SMILE, FS-LASIK, and TICL implantation are all effective for correcting mild-to-moderate myopia with ≥1.0 D astigmatism. SMILE led to superior astigmatic correction accuracy compared with TICL and showed better astigmatic correction than FS-LASIK in this cohort. Meanwhile, TICL implantation induced significantly fewer HOAs than both SMILE and FS-LASIK, resulting in superior postoperative optical quality.