Flying blind? Recommendations for monitoring of 10 common chronic diseases in guidelines from Germany, England, and Europe — a modified systematic review

The frequent lack of evidence or low level of evidence for monitoring recommendations, as well as the lack of detail in these recommendations, may lead to medical underuse, yet also to overuse, causing uncertainty among physicians and unnecessary diagnostic cascades. This has significant implications for patient harm, as well as financial and personnel burdens on the healthcare system. One potential solution could be the implementation of more 'do-not' recommendations in CPGs. However, overcoming systemic barriers is essential to enable the generation of high-quality evidence on monitoring.