Fuel-cell electric vehicle integrated shunt active power filter with advanced control algorithm for energy management and harmonic suppression

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) offer high energy density, zero emissions, and fast refueling, making them ideal for sustainable transport. However, power converters and charging stations introduce nonlinear currents that distort waveforms and reduce power quality (PQ). Shunt Active Power Filters (SAPFs) have emerged as effective solutions to these challenges. This study presents a sliding mode control (SMC) strategy with phase-decoupled Kalman filtering for improved harmonic suppression, power factor correction, and DC-link voltage regulation under varying load and grid conditions. The Kalman filter, based on a simplified converter model, enhances noise immunity and enables independent SMCs with fixed switching frequency. A saturation-based SMC is used for robust DC-link voltage control. The proposed control reduces grid current THD to 1.53 % under 10 % voltage sag and maintains 4.23 % under distorted grid conditions, complying with IEEE-519 standards. Power factor improves to near unity (0.989–1). DC-link voltage ripple is limited to ΔV = 2 V, with fast response time under 50 ms and minimal overshoot. Additionally, the SAPF supports 3 kW of active power, easing the grid burden. Simulations confirm the strategy’s effectiveness in improving FCEV performance, addressing power quality and efficiency issues.