Exploring the Neuroprotective Potential of Astragalus membranaceus in Central Nervous System Diseases

<i>Astragalus membranaceus (A. membranaceus)</i>, a traditional Chinese medicine, has gained increasing recognition for its potential in treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders. This review aims to systematically integrate the mechanisms of action of <i>A. membranaceus</i> and its bioactive compounds on CNS diseases, with a focus on exploring its therapeutic potential and introducing related health food products. We conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed and Web of Science from January 2015 through July 2025. Our analysis reveals that <i>A. membranaceus</i> and its bioactive compounds, particularly <i>A. membranaceus</i> IV (AS-IV) and <i>A. membranaceus</i> polysaccharides (APS), exert multifaceted neuroprotective effects. These effects encompass the mitigation of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and ferroptosis, as well as the regulation of autophagy and protection of the blood-brain barrier. The therapeutic potential of <i>A. membranaceus</i> is linked to the modulation of key signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, Nrf2, and PI3K/Akt. Furthermore, based on the concept of "homology of medicine and food," <i>A. membranaceus</i> is being developed into various health food formulations, offering a promising strategy for the adjuvant treatment and preventive care of CNS diseases. In conclusion, <i>A. membranaceus</i> represents a promising, multi-target pharmacological agent for CNS disorders, yet further high-quality clinical studies are warranted to validate its efficacy and safety in humans.