Artificial Intelligence and Surgical Education in the UK: A Systematic Review of Current Use, Evidence Gaps and Future Directions

AI use in UK surgical training is emerging but currently driven largely by pilot studies and policy direction rather than high-quality outcome evidence. Major gaps include multi-centre validation, curriculum integration, standardised assessment frameworks, and equitable access to AI-enabled systems. Future UK research should prioritise structured validation studies and national coordination to define effective, scalable, and safe AI tools that can enhance surgical education across the NHS.