Antifungal, Antibiofilm and Anticytotoxic Properties of Biogenic CuO Nanoparticles Derived From Moringa oleifera Leaves Against Vaginal Candidiasis

<i>M. oleifera</i>-mediated CuO NPs exhibit potent in vitro antifungal and antibiofilm activity against <i>C. albicans</i> and affect multiple virulence-related pathways, with a distinguishable therapeutic window based on cell-type-dependent cytotoxicity. These findings support further development and optimization of topical intravaginal formulations of green-synthesized CuO NPs for candidal biofilm-associated infections, with additional in vivo safety and efficacy studies needed.