Fluorescence Visualization of Upconversion Complexes in Transplanted PC1 Liver Cancer and Rat Organs: Influence of Coating Nanoparticle Complexes

Background Fluorescent imaging of nanoparticles (NPs) in organs and tumors is an important part of diagnosing and treating cancers. Our study investigated the differences in imaging depending on the accumulation of NaYF 4 upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) in rat organs (heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidneys) and tumor (liver cancer model), based on their shell type, such as human serum albumin (HSA), HSA with folic acid (HSA+FA), or HSA, FA, and the cyanine dye Cy3 (HSA+FA+Cy3). Methods We performed simultaneous rapid imaging of NPs using a standard microscope with field-excited luminescence excitation. Histological sections were then prepared according to standard methods, followed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results It was found that the NPs accumulated more in tumors. When using UCNPs-HSA and UCNPs-HSA+FA, similar changes were detected in rat organs. There were differences in the kidneys depending on the type of particle that was used. When UCNPs-HSA+FA+Cy3 particles were injected into the internal organs, signs of circulatory disorders and minor morphological signs of kidney damage were observed. Discussion Visualizing the accumulation boundaries of NPs was achieved through image processing. This type of particle may be promising for future clinical trials and photodynamic therapy (PDT), as it demonstrates a correlation between particle accumulation and tumor necrosis. Conclusion The data obtained will enable us to enhance the method of PDT using NPs and a photosensitizer (PS) with additional visualization capabilities.