Social inequalities in child mental health: Evidence from vulnerable families

Socioeconomic inequalities are important determinants of children’s mental health, yet evidence from socially vulnerable populations is limited. This study investigates the associations between parental socioeconomic factors and children’s mental health and well-being in disadvantaged schools. In this cross-sectional, analytical study, 735 children (51.7% boys) and their parents were included. Socioeconomic status (SES) was measured through parental education, occupation, employment, and household income and a Slope Index of Inequality quantified. Children’s mental health was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and health-related quality of life using the Kidscreen-10. Lower parental education was associated with higher total difficulties in unadjusted models (father: b = 1.91, 95% CI = [0.15, 3.68]; mother: b = 4.18, 95% CI = [2.44, 5.92]). After adjusting for covariates, associations remained significant for father’s education ( b = 1.89, 95% CI = [0.10, 3.68]) and mother’s occupation ( b = 3.90, 95% CI = [2.09, 5.71]). Parental employment was the only SES predictor of prosocial behavior (adjusted b = −0.99, 95% CI = [−1.53, −0.45]). Socioeconomic inequalities persist in children’s mental health. Addressing these disparities requires policies that target structural determinants, enhance family support, and promote equitable access to mental health resources. Prioritizing early interventions can generate long-term societal benefits by reducing future burdens on health care, education, and social systems.